Powered rails minecraft pe .1412/17/2023 ![]() While horizontal transmission through consumption oocyst contaminated food or water, but eating undercooked meat harboring viable latent bradyzoites was definite as a major mode of humans' toxoplasmosis (Dubey and Baetii, 1988). ![]() Host infection may be vertically by tachyzoites (acute stage) that transmitted materno-fetal series to either primary infection or opportunity of latent stage re-conversion (bradyzoite_tachyzoite) (Bonametti et al., 1997 and Boothroyd, 2009). The pathogen has both intestinal and extra intestinal cycle only in the feline species, and an extra intestinal cycle in human and all intermediate hosts, including herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores (WHO, 1979). Latency is a pathogen defiance mechanism against the competent host immunity, the acute stage tachyzoites capable to metamorphosis intracellular to active bradyzites latent phase (tissue cyst), are slowly replicated, and stay permanent alive for the host survives (Hill and Dubey, 2002). Toxoplasma gondii is obligate latent intracellular tissue cyst-forming protozoan, and is one of the most successful coccidian on earth known to date.
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